A REVIEW OF DOMINIUM
by Segfaultsteve
I suspect I wasn’t the only Nxter to be caught off guard by the articles from several weeks ago describing how a company called Dominium will build a platform on Ardor for investing in, listing, and managing real estate. Here was a project that was simultaneously extremely ambitious and quite close to launch, with the first features coming online by the end of 2018, and I had never even heard of it! So you can imagine my surprise when, a couple of days later, a member of the Dominium team reached out to me to see if I would be willing to write a review of the project for you.
After several emails, three phone calls, and a few days’ worth of research, I’m happy to share with you what I’ve learned about Dominium.
Before I begin, though, I need to make a couple of disclaimers. First, Dominium has not paid me to write this article, nor will they. I hope you will find it objective and unbiased. Second, I am absolutely not an expert in real estate investing or management, and while I have tried hard to learn about some of the problems that Dominium is attempting to address, I encourage you to do your own research and think critically about the information I’m presenting here.
With that out of the way, let’s talk about Dominium.
Dominium will be:
1. a platform that allows companies to create real estate funds, bonds, and loan notes, with these assets represented by tokens on Ardor, in a way that complies with government regulations;
2. a marketplace for investors to buy and sell those tokens in a compliant way;
3. a set of tools to help fund managers, including templates for regulatory documents, a support ticket system, and marketing materials;
4. a marketplace for users to list, purchase, and rent properties; and,
5. a public database that records historical data related to properties, such as changes of ownership, payments by tenants, maintenance records, and the like.
The Dominium platform will have its own child chain on Ardor to enable these services. Users will pay transaction fees to Dominium using the child chain’s native token, DOM, which should not be confused with the tokens representing the securities and properties for sale on the platform.
At the risk of slightly oversimplifying, I’ll divide Dominium’s features into two main categories: those related to creating, managing, and trading real estate funds, and those related to managing individual properties.
A Platform for Investing in Real Estate
Traditional private real estate funds suffer from a few drawbacks: they are illiquid, typically requiring that investors tie up large sums of capital for years; they are often accessible only to institutional investors and high net worth ($1M+) individuals; and, while government regulations usually require fund managers to make certain disclosures about their funds and the assets they hold, these funds are not always as transparent as they could be.
Publicly traded real estate investment trusts (REITs) and similar instruments address some of these problems but also have their own complications: listing a fund on a large stock exchange is expensive and usually entails complying with a slew of extra regulatory requirements, and smaller funds that cannot benefit from economies of scale often charge correspondingly higher fees.
Dominium aims to address these problems by moving the creation, financing, management, and trading of real estate funds to the Ardor blockchain. Companies will be able to issue assets in Ardor’s Asset Exchangerepresenting shares of their funds, and will sell them directly to investors to raise capital for purchasing properties (equity funds) or for making loans for the purchase or development of properties (debt funds). As these activities earn revenue, fund managers will be able to pay dividends to investors using Ardor’s dividend payment feature.
This approach has several advantages. Investors will be able to enter for as little as the price of a single share and will be able to exit whenever they wish. Fund managers will have access to a wide cross section of investors, including ordinary retail investors, on a single platform and without having to deal with brokers. Meanwhile the blockchain will automatically handle the logistics of tracking who owns shares of a fund and what dividend payments they are owed. It will also provide a liquid marketplace for investors to trade shares of funds peer-to-peer without fund managers having to incur the costs of listing on centralized exchanges.
This picture looks a lot like the fulfillment, at long last, of the Asset Exchange’s immense potential. And yet, if this were all there was to creating and trading funds on Dominium, the project would have failed before it even hit the mainnet.
I say this because governments heavily regulate securities of all kinds, and real estate funds launched on Dominium will certainly be no exception. Regulatory compliance is a difficult subject for many blockchain-based projects, but Dominium, using features of the Ardor platform built specifically for this purpose (more on that below), has been designed to accommodate the demands of securities laws.
First and foremost, the Dominium child chain will be a permissioned chain, meaning that accounts will not be able to transact on it without first registering on the platform. This allows Dominium to collect sufficient personal information to comply with know-your-customer (KYC) and anti-money laundering (AML) laws. Any user who wishes to be able to trade shares of real estate funds, for example, must provide his or her name, email address, phone number, and date of birth, plus a picture of a government-issued photo ID, a picture of the user holding the ID, a proof of the user’s current address, and a proof of the user’s tax ID number. On Dominium they classify this as Clearance Level 2 (see below for more details about clearance levels).
The purpose of collecting this information is to firmly tie each user’s real-world identity to an account authorized to transact on the Dominium child chain (though, of course, this information will not be made publicly visible on the blockchain). Fund creators thereby know exactly who is purchasing their shares, and they can demonstrate to regulators that they have taken proper precautions to prevent money laundering and the financing of crime.
Importantly, compliance with KYC and AML regulations necessitates a degree of centralization. Not only must the identities of all participants be verifiable—a problem which is quite difficult to solve in a decentralized way—but it must be possible to forbid certain users from accessing the platform, and it must be possible to revoke other users’ access if they are later determined to be involved in criminal activity. Perhaps it will one day be possible to satisfy these criteria in a decentralized way, but for now, they require a central authority who verifies users’ identities and determines who is eligible to participate.
You might be wondering, then, why Dominium is interested in using a blockchain in the first place. Many blockchain enthusiasts, myself included, tend to take a hard line on decentralization, and compromising even a little bit on this criterion in order to achieve some other goal (e.g.,scaling) immediately raises our suspicions that a centralized database might be a better tool for the job. More on this question below, but for now, suffice it to say that regulatory compliance is a real issue, that Dominium is taking it seriously, and that the result will necessarily include at least some elements of centralization. This is reality, and blockchain diehards will need to accept it or else renounce our ambitions to create new financial instruments.
One other aspect of Dominium’s approach to regulatory compliance that is worth mentioning is the company’s plans for creating standardized templates for certain legal documents. Specific requirements vary by jurisdiction, but generally fund creators must produce at least a prospectus, which often contains a rather small amount of important, fund-specific information interspersed with a generous helping of legal boilerplate. Dominium will hire a law firm in each jurisdiction where funds can be created to prepare standard templates for the prospectus and other legal documents that fund creators can use to comply with local securities laws. This is one of the primary ways that Dominium aims to streamline the fund creation process and to keep fees low.
A Platform for Managing Individual Properties
Quite apart from activities related to creating and trading real estate funds, the other focus of the Dominium platform is on listing, purchasing, renting, and managing individual properties. Owners, managers, tenants, maintenance workers, real estate agents, and other parties will be able to record information about properties on the blockchain, creating an immutable historical record that could be useful in a number of different contexts.
To make this idea more concrete, consider a few examples. Tenants and managers could record rent payments and receipt of those payments. A tenant might open a maintenance ticket with the manager (Dominium will include a support ticket system), who might hire a contractor to make a repair, and all parties might acknowledge that the work was done satisfactorily. The owner or manager might record receipts of tax and insurance payments. Prospective buyers might register their bids for a property that is listed for sale. And so on.
Want to see whether tenants pay rent on time before buying a rental property? Check the blockchain. Want to know whether the current owner actually paid for a new roof last year? Check the blockchain. Want to know whether there really are three other buyers who have entered bids on this property, and what those bids are, without having to take your realtor’s word for it? Check the blockchain. You get the idea.
In the near term, of course, government registries will still maintain the legally significant records of ownership of properties. To sell a property on Dominium would therefore require two separate interactions between buyer and seller: a transaction recording the sale on the blockchain and a traditional transfer of the title as recorded in a land registry. But looking ahead a few decades, it is exciting to speculate about whether governments might begin to acknowledge tokenized titles to real-world assets as authoritative records of ownership. And meanwhile, a great deal can still be recorded on a blockchain, including the information described above that can make real estate dealings more transparent.
Why Use a Blockchain?
But surely some of these benefits can be achieved with a fully centralized database as well. And as I mentioned earlier, the platform is already partially centralized in order to comply with KYC and AML laws.
So why use a blockchain at all?
One way to answer this question is to consider what the platform would look like as a fully centralized service. Dominium would effectively be a broker for the real estate funds that companies create on the platform, and would have to establish its own exchange for investors to trade those funds. It would also have to take deposits from investors and secure those deposits without making withdrawals too inconvenient. And of course, it would have to accept the massive legal liability of operating these services and comply with a host of additional regulations placed on brokers and exchanges.
Needless to say, Dominium has no interest in being a brokerage or an exchange, and I’m sure they will be quite happy to avoid that kind of liability. Instead, peer-to-peer transactions in Ardor’s decentralized Asset Exchange will perhaps more closely resemble over-the-counter trading, except with greater transparency and potentially greater liquidity.
Moreover, while Dominium will necessarily have the ability to restrict access to the platform to meet KYC and AML requirements, this process will be more transparent than in a fully centralized service. In particular, if Dominium were to revoke a user’s permission to use the blockchain, there would at least be indisputable proof of this action in the transaction history, which is, after all, public record.
It seems to me that investors, for their part, also benefit from this structure. Rather than having to trust a brand new brokerage—which might be legitimate or which might be a boiler room operation, for all they know—investors will be able to see for themselves important details about all the funds available for purchase and to verify from the blockchain that they are indeed getting genuine shares. As each account’s holdings are recorded on a public ledger, investors will also have access to information they don’t typically get with funds traded on centralized exchanges, including the distribution of shares across accounts and the other holdings and transaction histories of those accounts.
But will the funds themselves be more efficient by virtue of launching and trading on a blockchain? This is a far more complex question than I can competently answer with my very limited knowledge of investing, but I can at least speculate about potential cost savings and you can tell me where I’ve gone wrong in the comments section.
One task that all investment funds must face is keeping track of who holds their shares, not just for regulatory compliance but also to know who to pay dividends to and in what amounts. I imagine this can be a costly process for smaller funds with a large number of shareholders, but the blockchain (and Ardor in particular) makes this kind of bookkeeping trivial. Also, as I mentioned before, listing a fund on a centralized exchange is an expensive undertaking, whereas a blockchain-based decentralized exchange could still provide liquidity while saving this expense.
As for listing, purchasing, renting, and managing individual properties on Dominium, in my view the case for using a blockchain seems to rest almost entirely on how much management information users commit to the blockchain. There are already plenty of centralized real estate listing websites, and they seem to work rather well as marketplaces for connecting buyers and sellers. In contrast, the notion of storing historical information about a property in a decentralized way sounds like something new.
But does such a service really need to be decentralized? Couldn’t somebody build a “Carfax for real estate” without all of the limitations of using a blockchain? I think the answer is probably yes, but I can still see an advantage to the decentralized version, namely that no one entity will be able to selectively modify or delete historical data.
While that might sound a little paranoid, I do think there’s some precedent for concern. Look at the allegations of extortion that businesses have made against Yelp, for example. They claim that Yelp selectively filters out positive reviews of their businesses, leaving a disproportionate number of negative ones, unless businesses pay a hefty advertising fee, which makes the negative reviews disappear. Regardless of whether this is technically extortion (it appears that it isn’t, by the way) and whether Yelp is actually guilty (which they deny), it at least seems plausible that a centralized ratings service couldpressure users this way. A decentralized alternative, in contrast—and especially one that establishes users’ real-world identities before allowing them to contribute information, as Dominium does—might provide a safeguard against this kind of abuse.
Finally—and this is perhaps the most exciting possibility, in my opinion—if Dominium’s users eventually record ownership and management information for enough individual properties that those properties make up a substantial fraction of the holdings of the funds listed on Dominium, then investors will have an unprecedented (as far as I know) degree of transparency about the quality of the properties those funds own.
Why Use Ardor?
I suppose the folks at Dominium could have chosen Ethereum over Ardor, but then they would have had to build a number of features themselves, including most notably a permissions layer for all transaction types and a mechanism to restrict trading of certain funds to specific subsets of accounts. On Ardor, these features are built in: permissioned child chains, coming Q3 of this year, will automatically restrict access to authorized accounts, while theAsset Control and Vote by Account Property features enable a finer degree of control over which accounts will be able to exchange certain tokens.
This latter point is especially important for Dominium, which will grant different permissions to users based on how much personal information they provide, where they live, and whether they qualify to invest in unregulated funds. Specifically, Clearance Level 1 users will provide basic identity information and will be able to buy and sell DOM utility tokens and list, purchase, or rent properties; Clearance Level 2 users will provide full KYC information and will be eligible to purchase shares of regulated real estate funds from jurisdictions where they can lawfully invest; and Clearance Level 3 users will attest that they are qualified investors (generally either high net worth individuals or professional investors) and will be eligible to invest in both regulated and unregulated funds.
Implementing these tiers is straightforward on Ardor: Clearance Level 1 is established by authorizing an account to transact on the permissioned Dominium chain, while Clearance Levels 2 and 3 are enforced using asset controls to restrict the trading of regulated and unregulated funds, respectively, to accounts that Dominium has marked as eligible. Further constraints on investors’ eligibility to purchase funds in specific countries, for example, translate rather cleanly to additional account properties establishing the countries an investor is allowed to invest in and additional asset controls to enforce those policies.
On a different note, keep in mind that Dominium’s child chain will be permissioned in the sense that only authorized accounts will be able to transact on it, but it will be public in the sense that anybody will be able to examine and verify the transaction history. This hybrid design combining permissioned transactions with public validation is more controlled than a fully public blockchain, where KYC and AML compliance would be much more difficult, and more transparent than a fully permissioned blockchain. As far as I know, this combination of traits is unique to Ardor.
Beyond issues related to permissioned access and regulatory compliance, other reasons that Dominium chose Ardor include its novel approach to combating blockchain bloat, its wide array of built-in features, and the stability and resilience of its codebase, most of which has been in production since 2013 as part of Nxt. Since I’ve written at length about these aspects of Ardor elsewhere, I won’t repeat myself here.
I would like to point out, though, that Ardor’s built-in features make it much easier to deploy a platform like Dominium securely than would be the case on a smart contract platform like Ethereum. The functionality that Dominium requires is not trivial, and coding it from scratch as a set of custom smart contracts, some of which could be fairly complex, would incur the risk that one of those contracts contains a subtle flaw that could be exploited to cause catastrophic failure. With Ardor, in contrast, predefined building blocks for on-blockchain tasks have been thoroughly peer-reviewed and battle-tested, while all custom code runs off-blockchain, where it is easier to patch as flaws are discovered.
A Word About the ITO
One additional aspect of the Dominium platform that differentiates it from other blockchain projects is its plans for its initial token offering (ITO). Dominium will invest most (>80%) of the money it raises from its ITO in real estate, and it will use the dividends from these investments primarily to fund the development of the platform. In addition, though, it will use a portion of these returns to buy back DOM tokens and burn them, thereby decreasing the total supply of DOM. As people use the platform Dominium will also collect transaction fees denominated in DOM tokens, and again it will burn them to make DOM more scarce.
In my humble opinion, Dominium’s decision to invest the proceeds from its ITO in stable, real-world assets instead of leaving those funds in hyper-volatile cryptocurrencies shows that the Dominium team is serious about the long-term development of this project. It is a refreshing change and surely lends credibility to the team.
On the other hand, I don’t think the ITO will be completely without controversy. Dominium’s legal team insists that DOM is a utility token and not a security. As it will be the sole currency for paying fees for all business conducted on the platform, there can be no doubt that DOM is a utility token. But I suspect that regulators might decide that it could also be a security, owing to Dominium’s plan to buy back tokens using the earnings of its real estate holdings. In the U.S., anyway, an investment contract is defined as “an investment of money in a common enterprise with a reasonable expectation of profits to be derived from the entrepreneurial or managerial efforts of others,” and all investment contracts are securities. It is at least a legal gray area, and perhaps it will take some time for governments to clarify how tokens like DOM are to be understood.
Then again, if regulators do indeed decide that DOM qualifies as a security, Dominium will be in an excellent position compared to other ITOs as a result of the KYC controls it has implemented. To participate in the ITO, users will need to register at Clearance Level 1, so Dominium will already have satisfied some of the KYC requirements. I don’t think that a ruling that their ITO token is a security would pose the same kind of existential threat to Dominium that it would pose to the vast majority of other ITOs.
Closing Thoughts
There is much more to say about Dominium, but this article is getting quite long, and I have already trod well past the limits of my knowledge of real estate investing and securities law, so I will conclude here.
Reflecting on the structure and features of the Dominium platform, and especially on the measures that Dominium has taken to comply with government regulations, I’ve changed my opinion on permissioned blockchains with a centralized authentication service. As I wroteelsewhere, I had previously been quite skeptical of blockchains controlled in some significant way by a single entity. A private database, in my estimation, was almost always a better solution.
Dominium has shown me that I was wrong. It is possible for the power to control access to a blockchain to be quite centralized, but for other aspects of the business conducted on the blockchain to be decentralized in a meaningful way. Government regulations, legal liabilities, and other real-world concerns add to the analysis some nuances that I had failed to appreciate until I started researching Dominium. I’m glad I did so.
On that note, I’d like to sincerely thank the folks at Dominium who have taken time out of their busy schedules to answer my sometimes naive questions about real estate investing, property management, and other aspects of their platform. I truly wish them the best of luck with their launch, and I’m very excited to see what the future holds!
Disclaimer:
This is an independent community of Dominium supporters. The content written in this community has not been checked nor approved by Dominium B.V. and the opinions expressed in this community are solely our own opinions and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of Dominium B.V.
Some of the articles in this community are translations from the official Dominium B.V. social media channels and there may be discrepancies between the original English version and the translated version. In case of a dispute the original English version of the article prevails.
None of the information you read on the official social media channels of Dominium B.V. and indeed this community should be taken as investment advice, nor does Dominium B.V. endorse any project that may be mentioned or linked to in this community and its articles.
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For the full terms and conditions of the Dominium B.V. website and platform please visit this page:
https://dominium.me/en/node/28
Ihe niile gbasara Dominium
nke Segfaultsteve dere
Echere m na ọ bụghị m na-akwado NXT ka ihe ndị dị na izu ole na ole gara aga na-akọwa otú otu ụlọ ọrụ a na-akpọ Dominium ga-esi rụọ ọrụ n'elu Ardor maka itinye aka, nchịkọta, na ijikwa ala. Nke a bụ ọrụ nke na-achọsi ike n'otu oge ma na-adị nso ịmalite, na mbido mbụ na-abịa n'Ịntanet site na njedebe nke afọ 2018, na anụtụbeghị m ya! Ya mere i nwere ike iche na m juru anya, mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gachara, onye otu n'ime ndị Dominium gwara m ka m hụ ma m ga-enwe ike ịdeghachi ihe gbasara ọrụ ahụ maka gị.
Mgbe ọtụtụ ozi ịntanetị, oku atọ, na ụbọchị ole na ole bara uru nke nnyocha, enwere m obi ụtọ ịkọrọ gị ihe m mụtara banyere Dominium.
Tupu m amalite, Otú ọ dị, ọ dị m mkpa ịhapụ ịhapụ ya. Nke mbụ, Dominium enyeghị m ụgwọ ide edemede a, ha agaghịkwa eme ya. Echere m na ị ga-achọta ya ihe na-enweghị isi. Nke abụọ, abughi m ọkachamara n'inwe ego ma ọ bụ njikwa ihe onwunwe, ma mgbe m gbalịsiri ike ịmụta banyere ụfọdụ nsogbu ndị Dominium na-agbalị ikwu okwu, ana m agba gị ume ime nnyocha nke onwe gị ma chee echiche banyere ihe ọmụma m 'm na-eweta ebe a.
Site na nke ahụ, ka anyị kwuo maka Dominium.
Dominium ga-abụ:
1. otu ikpo okwu nke na-enye ndị ụlọ ọrụ ikike ịmepụta ego, ụlọ, na ihe ndekọ ego, na ihe ndị a na-anọchi anya Ardor, n'ụzọ na-akwado iwu gọọmentị;
2. onye ahịa na-azụ ahịa ịzụta ma ree ihe ndị ahụ n'ụzọ dị mma;
3. otu ụdị ngwá ọrụ iji nyere ndị na-ahụ maka ego aka, gụnyere ndebiri maka akwụkwọ iwu, usoro tiketi nkwado, na ngwá ahịa;
4. ebe ahịa maka ndị ọrụ ịdepụta, zụta, na ụgwọ ụlọ; na,
5. nchekwa data ọha na eze na-edekọ data metụtara ihe onwunwe, dịka mgbanwe nke nwe, ịkwụ ụgwọ site n'aka ndị ọrụ ụlọ, ndekọ ndekọ, na ihe ndị yiri ya.
Ndabere nke Dominium ga-enwe akara aka ya na Ardor iji mee ka ọrụ ndị a. Ndị ọrụ ga-akwụ ụgwọ ụgwọ maka Dominium site na iji akara akara nwa, DOM, nke a na-ekwesịghị ịgbagwoju anya na akara ndị na-anọchite anya ala na ala maka ire ere n'elu ikpo okwu.
Na ihe ize ndụ nke na-atụgharịkwu, m ga-ekewapụta atụmatụ nke Dominium dị ka isi abụọ: ndị metụtara ịmepụta, ịchịkwa, na ịzụ ahịa ego ụlọ, na ndị metụtara njikwa ihe onwunwe ọ bụla.
Ihe Ntuzi maka Ịkwụnye Ego na Ala
Ulo oru ugbo ala nke onwe ya na-enweta site na nzaghachi ole na ole: ha bu ndi ozo, nke choro ka ndi mmadu ego gbasaa ego buru ibu maka otutu afo; ha na-enwekarị ike ịnweta naanị ndị na-etinye ego na ụlọ ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ ($ 1M +) ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu; na, ọ bụ ezie na ụkpụrụ gọọmentị na-achọkarị ndị njikwa ego iji chọpụta ụfọdụ ego ha na akụ ha na-ejide, ego ndị a anaghị adị mgbe niile dịka ha nwere ike ịbụ.
Ndị na-ere ahịa na nnweta ụlọ akụ (REITs) na ụdị ngwá ọrụ na-aza ụfọdụ n'ime nsogbu ndị a ma na-enwe nsogbu ha: ịdepụta ego na nnukwu azụ ahịa dị oke ọnụ ma na-esikarị na-agbaso onye gburu ihe ndị ọzọ chọrọ iwu, na obere ego enweghi ike irite uru site na onodu aku na uba na-anagide ugwo elu.
Dominium na-eche iji dozie nsogbu ndị a site na ịmegharị ihe okike, ịkwụ ụgwọ, njikwa, na ịzụ ahịa ego nke ụlọ akụ dị na Ardor. Ndị ụlọ ọrụ ga-enwe ike ịmepụta akụ na Ardor's Asset Exchangerepresenting ha, ha ga-erekwa ha n'aka ndị na-eme ego iji bulite ego maka ego ịzụta (ego nhaara ego) ma ọ bụ maka ịgbazinye ego maka ịzụta ma ọ bụ mmepe nke ihe onwunwe (ụgwọ ụgwọ). Ka ọrụ ndị a na-enweta ego, ndị ọrụ ego ga-enwe ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ndị na-etinye ego na ndị na-etinye ego na-eji uru ịkwụ ụgwọ nke Ardor.
Ụzọ a nwere ọtụtụ uru. Ndị nwere ego ga-enwe ike ịbanye maka ọnụahịa nke otu òkè ma nwee ike ịpụ mgbe ọ bụla ha chọrọ. Ndị isi ego ga-enwe ohere ịnweta oke akụkụ nke ndị na-etinye ego, tinyere ndị na-ere ahịa azụmaahịa, na otu ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla. Ka ọ dịgodị, blockchain ahụ ga-ejikwa nchịkọta nke nsuso ndị nwere ikikere nke ego na ego ịkwụ ụgwọ ha ji ụgwọ. Ọ ga-enyekwa ahịa ahịa mmiri maka ndị na-etinye ego maka ịzụkọrịta ego nke ndị ọgbọ na ndị ọgbọ na-enweghị ndị na-enweta ego ka ha na-akwụ ụgwọ nke ndepụta na ntụgharị mmekọrịta.
Foto a dị nnọọ ka mmezu, n'ikpeazụ, nke nnukwu ikike nke Asset Exchange. Ma, ọ bụrụ na nke a niile bụ ịmepụta na ịzụ ego na Dominium, ọrụ ahụ ga-akụrịrịrịrị tupu ya emetụ ya.
M na-ekwu nke a n'ihi na gọọmentị na-edozi nchebe nke ụdị dị iche iche, ego ego ụlọ na Dominium ga-abụkwa otu. Ịkwado usoro iwu bụ isi ihe siri ike maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ blockchain, ma Dominium, iji atụmatụ nke Ardor kpubere kpọmkwem maka nzube a (ihe ndị dị n'okpuru ebe a), emebere iji gbochie iwu nke ala.
Nke mbụ, nwa nke Dominium ga-abụ agbụ ikike, nke pụtara na akaụntụ agaghị enwe ike imekọrịta ya na-enweghị ntinye aha na nchịkọta. Nke a na - enye Dominium ohere ịnakọta ozi zuru ezu iji mee ka ndị na - azụ ahịa gị (KYC) na iwu mgbochi ego (AML). Onye ọrụ ọ bụla nke chọrọ ịzụ ahịa nke ezigbo ego ụlọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, aghaghị inye aha ya, adreesị ozi-e, akara ekwentị ya, na ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya, tinyekwa foto nke foto ID nyere ndị ọchịchị, ihe osise nke onye na-ejide ID, ihe akaebe nke adreesị onye ọrụ ahụ, na ihe akaebe nke nọmba ID ụtụ onye ọrụ. Na Dominium ha na-ahazi nke a dịka nkwụsị nke abụọ (lee n'okpuru maka nkọwa ndị ọzọ gbasara ọkwa nkwụsị).
Ebumnuche nke ịnakọta ozi a bụ ijikọ njirimara nke onye ọ bụla n'ezie na akaụntụ nwere ikike ikwekọrịta n'elu nwa ụmụaka Dominium (ọ bụ ezie na, n'ezie, a gaghị eme ka ozi a mara n'ihu ọha na blockchain). Ndị na-emepụta ego maara nke a kpọmkwem onye na-azụta òkè ha, ha pụkwara igosi ndị nchịkwa na ha ewerewo nlezianya kwesịrị ekwesị iji gbochie ịchụ ego na ịkwụ ụgwọ.
N'ụzọ dị oke mkpa, ikwekọrịta iwu KYC na iwu AML chọrọ nkwụsị nke ikuku. Ọ bụghị naanị na a ghaghị ịmepụta njirimara nke ndị niile so na ya-nsogbu nke siri ike iji dozie ụzọ dị iche-mana ọ ga-ekwe omume igbochi ndị ọrụ ụfọdụ ịbanye na ikpo okwu, ọ ga-abụrịrị ike ikpochapụ ohere ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ ha mechara kpebisie ike itinye aka na omempụ. Ikekwe ọ ga-abụ otu ụbọchị iji mezuo njirimara ndị a n'ụzọ doro anya, ma ugbu a, ha chọrọ onye nwe obodo nke nyochaa njirimara nke ndị ọrụ ma chọpụta onye ruru eru isonye.
Mgbe ahụ, ị nwere ike ịnọ na-eche ihe mere Dominium ji nwee mmasị na iji blockchain na mbụ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka mgbakọ, gụnyere onwe m, na-agbasi mbọ ike ka ha nwee ike ịchọta nkwalite, na imebi ọbụna obere ihe na njirimara a iji nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ ọzọ (dịka, ngwugwu) ozugbo na-eme ka anyị chee na nchekwa data nwere ike ịbụ ngwá ọrụ ka mma maka ọrụ ahụ. More banyere ajụjụ a n'okpuru, ma ugbu a, zuo ya ịsị na nhazi usoro iwu bụ ezigbo okwu, na Dominium na-ewere ya nke ọma, nakwa na nsonaazụ ahụ ga-agụnye ma ọ dịkarịa ala ihe ụfọdụ nke ikuku. Nke a bụ eziokwu, na ndị na-egbochi blockchain diehards ga-achọ ịnakwere ya ma ọ bụ ọzọ jụ ịchọrọ ọchịchọ anyị ịmepụta ngwá akụ ọhụrụ.
Otu akụkụ ọzọ nke ụzọ Dominium ga-esi na-erube isi n'iwu usoro iwu nke bara uru ịkọwa bụ atụmatụ ụlọ ọrụ maka ịmepụta ndebiri ụkpụrụ maka ụfọdụ akwụkwọ iwu. Ihe di iche iche choro di iche site na ochichi, mana ndi n'emeputa ego n'egbuputa na ha ghaghi imeputa ihe omuma akwukwo, nke nwere otutu ihe di mkpa, ihe omuma akuko bu nke enyere aka na ihe eji eme ihe. Dominium ga-akwụ ụgwọ ụlọ ọrụ iwu na ngalaba ọ bụla ebe enwere ike ịmepụta ego iji kwadebe ndebiri ndebe maka atụmanya ego na akwụkwọ iwu ndị ọzọ nke kwadoro ndị okike nwere ike iji mee ihe kwekọrọ iwu iwu nchebe mpaghara. Nke a bụ otu n'ime ụzọ ndị bụ isi Dominium ga-esi mee ka usoro ego ahụ sie ike na ịkwado ụgwọ dị ala.
Ngwadogwu maka Ijikwa Njirimara nke Onwe
N'ebe dị iche iche na ihe ndị metụtara ịmepụta na ịzụ ahịa ezigbo ala, ihe ọzọ na-elekwasị anya na ụlọ ọrụ Dominium bụ na ndepụta, ịzụta, ịgbazinye ego, na ijikwa ihe ọ bụla. Ndị nwe, ndị ọrụ, ndị ọrụ ụlọ, ndị na-arụzi ọrụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe, na ndị ọzọ ga-enwe ike idekọ ozi banyere ihe ndị dị na blockchain, na-ekepụta akụkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-apụghị ịba uru n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ dị iche iche.
Iji mee ka echiche a dịkwuo mfe, tụlee ihe atụ ole na ole. Ndị nwe ụlọ na ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịdekọ ego ịkwụ ụgwọ ego na nkwụnye ụgwọ ndị ahụ. Onye nwe obodo nwere ike ịmepụta njikwa ihe ejizi ya na onye njikwa (Dominium ga-agụnye usoro tiketi nkwado), onye nwere ike ịnya onye ọrụ nkata ka ọ rụzie ya, ma ndị ọzọ nwere ike ikweta na ọrụ ahụ mere nke ọma. Onye nwe ma ọ bụ onye njikwa nwere ike idekọ ụgwọ nke ịkwụ ụgwọ na mkpuchi mkpuchi. Ndị nwere ike ịzụta ihe nwere ike ịdebanye aha ha maka ihe onwunwe nke edepụtara maka ire ere. Were gabazie.
Ịchọrọ ịhụ ma ndị nwe ụlọ na-akwụ ụgwọ na oge tupu ha azụ ihe onwunwe mgbazinye? Lelee ihe ngbochi. Chọrọ ịma ma onye nwe ụlọ ugbu a kwụrụ ụgwọ maka ụlọ ọhụrụ n'afọ gara aga? Lelee ihe ngbochi. Achọrọ ịmara ma è nwere ndị ahịa ọzọ atọ ọzọ bụ ndị batara ịrịọ na ụlọ a, na ihe ndị a na-akwụ ụgwọ, n'ebughị ụzọ weghaara okwu onye n'eziokwu gị? Lelee ihe ngbochi. Ị nweta echiche ahụ.
Na okwu dị nso, n'ezie, ndị na-edebanye aha gọọmenti ka ga-anọgide na-edekọ ihe ndekọ dị mkpa nke nwe ihe onwunwe. Iji ree ihe onwunwe na Dominium ga - achọrọ ihe abụọ dị iche n'etiti onye na - azụ ma na - ere ihe: azụmahịa na - edekọ ire ere na blockchain na nnyefe omenala aha dị ka edere na ndekọ ala. Ma na-ele anya na iri afọ ole na ole, ọ bụ ihe na-akpali akpali ịkọwa banyere ma gọọmenti nwere ike ịmalite ịkwanyere utu aha nke akụnụba dị ka akwụkwọ ikike nke ikike. Ma ugbu a, a ka nwere ike ịdekọ ọtụtụ ihe na blockchain, gụnyere ozi a kọwara n'elu nke nwere ike ime ka ezigbo ụlọ ahịa na-aga n'ihu.
Gịnị Mere Jiri Blockchain?
Mana n'ezie, ụfọdụ n'ime uru ndị a nwere ike nweta ya na ebe nchekwa data zuru ezu. Dịkwa ka m kwuru na mbụ, a na-etinyere ikpo okwu ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu iji mee ihe kwekọrọ n'iwu KYC na AML. Ya mere, gịnị
mere ị na-eji blockchain ma ọlị?
Otu ụzọ isi zaa ajụjụ a bụ ịtụle ihe ikpo okwu ahụ ga - adị ka ọrụ zuru ezu. Dominium ga-enwe ike ịghọ onye na-ere ahịa maka ego ụlọ akụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ n'elu ikpo okwu, ọ ga-emerịrị onwe ya mgbanwe maka ndị na-emefu ego iji zụọ ego ndị ahụ. Ọ ga-ewepụkwa ego sitere na ndị na-etinye ego ma chekwaa ego ndị ahụ n'emeghị ka ị ghara ịhapụ ya. Ma, n'ezie, ọ ga-anakwere oke iwu iwu nke ịrụ ọrụ ndị a ma rube isi na iwu ndị ọzọ etinye na ndị na-ere ahịa na mgbanwe.
O di nkpa ikwu, Dominium enweghi mmasị na ya bu ulo ahia ma o bu mgbanwe, ana m ejide n'aka na ha ga enwe obi uto iji zere oria a. Kama nke ahụ, azụmahịa ndị ọgbọ na ibe na Ardor na-eme ka ndị ahịa na-azụ ahịa, ma ọ bụrụ na ha enweghi ike igosi ya ma nwekwuo ego.
Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ ezie na Dominium ga-enwe ike ịdọrọ ohere ịnweta ikpo okwu iji zute KYC na AML chọrọ, usoro a ga-enwe nghọta karịa karịa ọrụ zuru ezu. Karịsịa, ọ bụrụ na Dominium ga-eme ka ikike onye ọrụ jiri ikikere na-eji blockchain ahụ, ọ ga-abụ na ọ dịkarịa ala bụrụ ihe akaebe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha nke arụmọrụ a na akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke bụ, mgbe niile, ndekọ ọha.
O yiri m ka ndị na-azụta ego DOM, maka nke ha, na-eritekwa uru site na nke a. Kama ịnwe ịtụkwasị obi na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ ọhụrụ-nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe ziri ezi ma ọ bụ nke nwere ike ịbụ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ, n'ihi na ndị ha maara na-etinye ego ga-enwe ike ịhụ maka nkọwa ha dị mkpa gbasara ego niile maka ịzụta na iji nyochaa n'aka blockchain na ha na-n'ezie na-ezi mbak. Dika edere akaụntụ nke ọ bụla na ndekọ nke ọha na eze, ndị nwere ego ga-enwe ohere inweta ozi ha na-enwetaghị ego ha na-ere na mgbasa ozi nke etiti, tinyere nkesa nke oke n'akụkụ akaụntụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ndị ahụ.
Ma, ego ndị a hà ga-arụ ọrụ nke ọma site na ịkwalite na ịzụ ahịa na blockchain?
Nke a bụ ajụjụ dị mgbagwoju anya karia m nwere ike ịza na amaghị m ihe gbasara itinye ego, ma enwere m ike ịkọwa ego maka ego ị ga-efu ma ị nwere ike ịgwa m ebe m na-ezighị ezi na ngalaba ihe.
Otu ọrụ nke ego ego ọ bụla ga-eche ihu bụ ileba anya na onye na-ejide ha, ọ bụghị naanị maka nhazi usoro iwu kama ịmara onye ga-akwụ ụgwọ na dividend na na ole. Echere m na nke a nwere ike ịbụ usoro dị oke ọnụ maka obere ego na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị na-ere ihe, ma blockchain (na Ardor karịsịa) na-eme ka ụdị akwụkwọ nlekọta dị ntakịrị. Ọzọkwa, dị ka m kwuru na mbụ, ịdepụta ego na ngwakọta nkekọrịta bụ ọrụ dị oké ọnụ ahịa, ebe ngọngọ nke azụmahịa na-ejikọta ọnụ nwere ike ịnọgide na-enye ego ka ị na-akwụ ụgwọ a.
Maka ndepụta, ịzụta, ịgbazinye ego, na ijikwa ihe ọ bụla na Dominium, na m anya ikpe maka iji ngọngọ yiri ka ọ na-ezu ike kpamkpam na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ njikwa ihe ọmụma na-etinye aka na blockchain. Enweela ọtụtụ ụlọ ahịa dị iche iche na-echekwa na ha na-arụ ọrụ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ, ha yikwara ka ha na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dịka ebe ahịa maka ndị na-azụ ahịa na ndị na-ere ahịa. N'ụzọ dị iche, echiche nke ịchekwa akụkọ ihe mere eme banyere ihe onwunwe na ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka ihe ọhụrụ.
Ma ọ dị mkpa ka ọrụ dị otú ahụ dị mma? Ọ nweghị onye ga - ewu "Carfax maka ezigbo ala" n'emeghị njedebe nke iji blockchain? Echere m na azịza ya bụ ee, ma m ka nwere ike ịhụ uru maka mbipụta ahụ dị iche iche, nke bụ na ọ nweghị onye ọ bụla ga-enwe ike ịgbanwe ma ọ bụ hichapụ data akụkọ.
Ọ bụ ezie na nke ahụ nwere ike ịda ụda obere, m na-eche na e nwere ihe ụfọdụ maka nchegbu. Lelee ebubo nke ịpụnara mmadụ ego na ụlọ ọrụ nwere megide Yelp, dịka ọmụmaatụ. Ha na-ekwu na Yelp na-edozi nlezianya nyocha nke azụmahịa ha, na-ahapụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ezighi ezi nke ndị ọjọọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ ego mgbasa ozi, nke na-eme ka nlezianya nyocha kwụsị. N'agbanyeghi ma nke a ọ bụ ịpụnara ya ụzụ (ọ na-egosi na ọ bụghị, site na ụzọ) na ma Yelp ọ bụ onye ikpe mara (nke ha na-agọnahụ), ọ dịkarịa ala ka ọ ga-adị mma na ọrụ ntinye uche nke na-eme ka ndị ọrụ nwee ike ime otú a. Nhọrọ dị iche, nke dị iche-ma karịsịa nke na-eme ka ndị na-eme nchọpụta nke ndị ọrụ na-eme ihe n'eziokwu tupu ha ekwe ka ha nye ihe ọmụma, dị ka Dominium-nwere ike inye nchekwa maka ụdị mmegbu a.
N'ikpeazụ - na nke a bụ ma eleghị anya ohere kachasị mma, na uche m-ọ bụrụ na ndị ọrụ Dominium emesị dekọ ndekọ na njikwa maka ezughị ezu nke onye ọ bụla na ihe ndị ahụ na-abụ akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ndị e depụtara na Dominium, mgbe ahụ, ndị nwere ego ga- ihe a na-enwetụbeghị ụdị (dị ka m maara) ogo nke nghọta banyere àgwà nke ihe ndị ahụ nwere ego.
Ntak eji Ardor?
Echere m na ndị na-elekọta Dominium nwere ike họrọ Ethereum n'elu Ardor, mana ha ga-arụrịrịrịrị ọtụtụ atụmatụ ha, gụnyere ọtụtụ ihe dịka ọkwa nkwenye maka ụdị azụmahịa niile na usoro iji gbochie ịzụ ahịa nke ụfọdụ ego na mpaghara ego nke akaụntụ. Na Ardor, a na-ewu atụmatụ ndị a: ụmụaka a na-enye ikikere, na-abịa Q3 nke afọ a, ga-egbochi ịnweta akwụkwọ ikike, mana njikwa Asset Control na Vote site na Akaụntụ Njirimara na-enye aka inwe akara nchịkwa kachasị mma nke akụkọ ga-enwe ike ịgbanwe ụfọdụ akara.
Nke ikpeazụ a dị mkpa karịsịa maka Dominium, nke ga-enye ikikere dị iche iche nye ndị ọrụ dabere na ole ozi ha na-enye, ebe ha bi, nakwa ma hà ruru eru itinye ego na ego a na-akwụghị ụgwọ. Kpọmkwem, Ndị na-arụ ọrụ ọkwa 1 ga-enye ozi njirimara bụ isi ma ga-enwe ike ịzụta ma ree DOM iji nyere aka na ndepụta, ịzụta, ma ọ bụ mgbazinye ụlọ; Nkwụsi ike 2 ndị ọrụ ga-enye ozi KYC zuru ezu ma ga-eru eru ịzụta mbak nke ịhazi ego ụlọ akụ na-achịkwa ebe ha nwere ike iji ego tinye ego; na Ndị Nleta 3 ga-agba akaebe na ha bụ ndị nkwụnye ego ruru eru (n'ozuzu ya ma ọ bụ ndị dị elu ma ọ bụ ndị na-etinye ego na ndị ọkachamara) na ha ga-enwerịrị ike itinye ego na ego a na-achịkwa.
Ịrụ ọrụ ndị a dị mfe na Ardor: Akwụsịla Nzọụkwụ 1 site na ịnye akaụntụ ka ọ na-emekọrịta ihe n'ikike ikike Dominium a ikikere, ebe a na-eme ka nkwụsị Nzọụkwụ 2 na 3 jiri njikwa ihe onwunwe iji gbochie ịzụ ahịa nke ego na iwu a na-akwụghị ụgwọ, n'otu aka, na akaụntụ na Dominium akara dị ka onye ruru eru. Mgbochi ndị ọzọ maka ikike ịnweta ego maka ịzụta ego na mba ụfọdụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịsụgharị n'ụzọ dị ọcha na akaụntụ akaụntụ ndị ọzọ na-edozi mba a na-enye ohere maka itinye ego na itinye ego ndị ọzọ iji mezuo iwu ndị ahụ.
N'akwụkwọ dị iche, cheta na a ga - enye ikikere nwa nke Dominium n'echiche na naanị akwụkwọ ikike nwere ike imekọrịta ya, mana ọ ga - abụ ọha n'ihu na onye ọ bụla ga - enyocha ma nyochaa akụkọ akụkọ ahụ . Nhazi nke ngwakọ a na-ejikọta azụmahịa na nkwenye ọha na eze ka a na-achịkwa karịa nchịkọta blockchain kpamkpam, ebe KYC na AML ga-esiri ya ike karị, ma nwee nghọta karịrị ihe ngbochi zuru oke. Dị ka m maara, njikọta nke njirimara ndị a bụ nanị Ardor.
E wezụga ihe metụtara nnweta na ikike usoro iwu, ihe ndị ọzọ mere Dominium ji họrọ Ardor gụnyere akwụkwọ ọbịbịa ya iji luso blockchain bloat, ọtụtụ atụmatụ ya, na nkwụsi ike na resilience nke codebase, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha nọ na mmepụta kemgbe 2013 dịka akụkụ nke Nxt. Ebe ọ bụ na edewo m ogologo oge banyere akụkụ ndị a nke Ardor n'ebe ọzọ, Agaghị m ekwughachi ebe a.
Ma, m ga-achọ ịkọwapụta na atụmatụ Ardor na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe idozi otu ikpo okwu dịka Dominium n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla karịa ka ọ ga-abụ na ikpe ahụ dị na Ethereum. Ihe arụ nke Dominium chọrọ abụghị obere ihe, ma chekwaa ya site na ọkọlọtọ dị ka otu ụdị nkwekọrịta aghụghọ ndị omenala, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike dị mgbagwoju anya, ga-eweta ihe ize ndụ nke na otu n'ime nkwekọrịta ndị ahụ nwere eriri na-ezighị ezi nke a pụrụ iji mee ihe na-akpata ọgba aghara okpu. Na Ardor, n'ụzọ dị iche, a na-emepụta ihe owuwu ụlọ ndị a na-arụ na-arụ ọrụ na-akpachasị anya na nke a na-enyocha, mgbe koodu omenala niile na-apụ-blockchain, ebe ọ na-adịrị mfe ịchọta dị ka ezughị okè.
Otu Okwu Banyere ITO
Otu akụkụ ọzọ nke usoro ntinye nke Dominium nke na-ese ya site na ihe ndị ọzọ na blockchain bụ atụmatụ ya maka onyinye onyinye akara mbụ ya (ITO). Dominium ga-etinye ego kachasị (> 80%) nke ego ọ na-ebute site na ITO na ala ụlọ, ọ ga-ejikwa nkwụsị sitere na ego ndị a na-ebute iji kwado mmepe nke ikpo okwu. Na mgbakwunye, ọ ga-eji akụkụ nke nlọghachi ndị a iji zụtaghachi akara DOM ma gbaa ha ọkụ, si otú a belata ụba nke DOM. Ka ndị mmadụ na-eji usoro ikpo okwu Dominium ga-anakọtakwa ụgwọ azụmahịa nke a na-akpọ na akara DOM, ọzọkwa, ọ ga-akpọ ha ọkụ iji mee ka DOM dịkwuo ụkọ.
N'echiche m dị umeala n'obi, mkpebi Dominium itinye ego sitere na ITO n'ime ihe onwunwe, akụnụba nke ụwa kama ịhapụ ego ndị ahụ na mkpuchi mkpuchi na-egosi na òtù Dominium na-eche banyere mmepe nke ogologo oge a. Ọ bụ mgbanwe na-enye ume ọhụrụ ma na-eme ka ndị otu ahụ nwee ntụkwasị obi.
N'aka nke ọzọ, echeghị m na ITO ga-edozi n'enweghị esemokwu. Ngalaba iwu Dominium na-ekwusi ike na DOM bụ ihe ncheta bara uru ọ bụghị nchekwa. Dịka ọ ga-abụ naanị ego iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka azụmahịa niile a na-arụ n'elu ikpo okwu, enwere ike ịrụ ụka na DOM bụ akara aka. Mana echere m na ndị na-achịkwa nwere ike ikpebi na ọ nwere ike ịbụ nchekwa, n'ihi atụmatụ Dominium ịzụtaghachi akara site na iji ego nke ụlọ ya. Na U.S., agbanyeghi ozo, a choputara nkwekorita ulo oru ego dika "ego eji eme ihe n'otu ulo oru ndi mmadu n'echere anya na uru ka ndi mmadu na-enweta site n'aka ndi oru ozo," ma ndi nkwekorita ego nile bu ala. Ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ebe na-acha ntụ ntụ, ma eleghị anya, ọ ga-ewe oge maka gọọmentị ịkọwapụta etu esi ghọta ihe dị ka DOM.
Mgbe ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na ndị na-achị achị na-ekpebi na DOM ruru eru ịbụ nchekwa, Dominium ga-anọ n'ọnọdụ dị mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọzọ ITO n'ihi nkwekọrịta KYC nke o mejuputara. Iji kere òkè na ITO, ndị ọrụ ga-edebanye aha na Clearance Level 1, ya mere Dominium ga-emeworị ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị KYC chọrọ. Echeghị m na ikpe nke na ihe gbasara ITO bụ nchebe ga-abụ otu ụdị iyi egwu egwu nke Dominium na ọ ga-abụrụ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ITO.
Echiche ndị na-emechi
E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọzọ ị ga - ekwu banyere Dominium, mana isiokwu a na - abịa ogologo oge, ma agafeela m na njedebe nke ihe ọmụma m banyere akụ na ụlọ na iwu nchebe, ya mere m ga - agwụ ebe a.
N'ịtụgharị uche na ọdịdị na njirimara nke nhazi nke Dominium, na karịsịa na usoro ndị Dominium mere iji rube isi n'iwu gọọmenti, agbanweela m echiche m maka mgbochi blockchains nwere ikikere ọrụ nyocha. Ka m na-ede akwụkwọ na ebe ọzọ, enwere m obi abụọ nke mgbochi ndị a na-achịkwa n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama site n'otu ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe nchekwa data nzuzo, na njedebe m, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngwọta ka mma.
Dominium egosila na m ezighi ezi. Ọ ga-ekwe omume maka ike ịchịkwa ohere ịnweta blockchain ka ọ bụrụ nke a ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke ọma, ma maka akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke azụmahịa a na-eduzi na blockchain ka a ga-ewepụsị ya n'ụzọ dị irè. Ụkpụrụ gọọmenti, ụgwọ iwu, na nsogbu ndị ọzọ nke ụwa na-agbakwụnye n'ịtụle ụfọdụ nuances nke m na-enweghị ike ịghọta ruo mgbe m malitere ịchọta Dominium. Enwere m obi ụtọ na m mere ya.
Na ederede a, m ga-enwe ike iji obi ekele kelee ndị na-elekọta Dominium, bụ ndị wepụtara oge ha na-akwụ ụgwọ iji zaa ajụjụ m mgbe ụfọdụ banyere nkwụsị ụlọ, njikwa ihe onwunwe, na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke isi ihe ha. Ana m achọrọ ha ka ha nwee obi ụtọ na mwepụta ha, ọ na-atọkwa m ezigbo ụtọ ịhụ ihe ọdịnihu ga-eme!
Ịjụ:
Nke a bụ obodo nweere onwe ya nke ndị na-akwado Dominium. Enweghị ike ịchọta ọdịnaya ederede na obodo a ma ọ bụ kwadoro ya na Dominium B.V. na echiche ndị e gosipụtara na obodo a bụ naanị echiche nke onwe anyị, ọ pụtaghị na ha gosipụtara ezi echiche nke Dominium B.V.
Ụfọdụ n'ime isiokwu ndị dị na mpaghara a bụ nsụgharị sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ ntanetị mgbasa ozi nke Dominium B.V.. E nwekwara ike ịdị iche n'etiti nsụgharị Bekee na nsụgharị sụgharịrị. N'ọnọdụ nke esemokwu, akwụkwọ Bekee mbụ nke isiokwu ahụ na-emetụta.
Enweghị ozi ị gụrụ na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ọha na eze nke Dominium B.V. na obodo a kwesiri ka ewere ndụmọdụ ndụmọdụ ego, Dominium B.V. akwadoghị ọrụ ọ bụla a ga-akpọ ma ọ bụ jikọta na obodo a na isiokwu ya.
Ịzụta ma na-ere ahịa cryptocurrencies kwesịrị a na-ewere dị ka nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ọrụ. Biko mee nyocha nke onwe gị tupu i mee ihe ọ bụla gbasara ihe ọ bụla ị gụrụ n'ime obodo a. Dominium B.V. anaghị ewere ọrụ ọ bụla ma ọ bụrụ na i mechara hapụ ego mgbe ị na-azụ ma na-ere ahịa mkpuchi.
Maka nkwekọrịta zuru oke na ọnọdụ nke ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Dominium B.V. na n'elu ikpo okwu biko gaa na ibe a:
https://dominium.me/en/node/28
